The Airbus Fly

Introduction Before the introduction of the fly-by-wire system in civil aviation, pilots had to rely only on manual controls during flight. Fly-by-wire is an innovation that replaces an aircraft’s manual controls with an electronic interface.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fly-by-wire is a digital flight control system that enables signals from manual controls to be converted into electrical signals after which control computers determine the appropriate response (Droste Walker, 2003). The Airbus Company was the first airplane manufacturer to introduce this system in their A320. The Airbus fly-by-wire system was certified in 1988 and was used the same year during the launch of the first A320 (McRuer Graham, 1981). Manual flight control systems are very bulky and the control cables need to be carefully laid through the relevant section s of the airplane. The control systems and cables need redundant backup that guard against failures and as such further increases the weight of the aircraft and the work of the crew. Mechanical flight controls are prone to several dangerous issues such as spinning, stalling and pilot-induced oscillation (Pratt, 2000). In fly-by-wire, the control of the aircraft is only achieved through the use of electrical signals. The controls are configured to control computers in the aircraft. This means that the link between the operator and the control actuators is interposed by a computer system hence modifying the operator’s inputs with regards to the control parameters.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fly-By-Wire In the study of mechanics of flight, we can assume that an aircraft can be represented as a rigid body, designed by a set body of axis as shown in figure 1. The rigid body dyna mics therefore has six degrees of freedom, given by three rotations about, and three translations along the axes. This model allows modeling of all forces and moments acting on the plane (Stephens Lewis, 1992). Figure 1: Body axis aircraft co-ordinate system retrieved from Stephens and Lewis (1992, p.24) In order to achieve flight control, the capability to control the forces and moments acting on the plane is imperative. If we can control the forces and moments, then by default we can control the accelerations and hence velocities, rotations and translations. The Flight Control System is designed to achieve this through the aircraft’s flight control surfaces that include the rudder, edge flaps, trailing and foreplane (Pratt, 2000). Flight control system also needs to control the thrust provided by the engines, since they also produce the forces and moments acting on the plane. On a standard airplane, control signals from the pilot are transmitted to the actuators by a syst em of mechanical components as shown in Figure 2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2: Mechanical control system retrieved from Stephens Lewis (1992, p.26) Direct mechanical connections between the cockpit controls (rudder pedals and pitch/roll sticks) and the control surfaces that maneuver the plane were used in mechanical flight controls. In standard airplanes, computers within the plane constantly modify the pilot feel on controls while the auto-pilot computers can be able to control the actuators (Lloyd Tye, 1992). However in fly-by-wire airplanes, flight control surfaces are all digitally controlled and activated by means of a hydraulic system. The rudder and the Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizers in these airplanes can also be manually controlled. The early mechanical means of control had very high levels of integrity, in terms of the probability of the loss of aircraft control. In FBW planes, the side sticks are used to control the plane in pitch and roll as well as indirect control through turn coordination in yaw (Gibson, 1999). The flight control computers in the planes interpret the pilot’s inputs and consequently move the surfaces as required to accomplish the desired flight path. When the plane is in auto-pilot mode, the flight control computers receive flight signals from the auto-pilot computers. Flight control computers in FBW planes not only control operations but they also monitor them. The response of the aircraft to signals is feedback to both the flight control and auto-pilot computers through specific sensors and then sent for display to the aircraft crew through dedicated screens (Gibson, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to ensure that the high integrity levels of earlier mechanical systems are achieved in FBW planes, numerous lanes of computing and multiple signal sources are required to offer redundancy. These systems also need to be cross-monitored in order to ensure that failed equipments are identified and isolated thus ensuring safe operation. A broad built-in-test system is also installed, to guarantee that the system is working in the expected capacity and is safe to fly before each flight and also to identify and isolate failures before flight (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Basic Operation Although fly-by-wire systems are relatively complex, their operation is relatively simple to understand. When the side-stick is moved by the pilot, a signal is sent through multiple channels to a computer. In most situations, a Triplex is used i.e. the signals are sent through three channels. Once the computer receives the signal, it adds the voltages of the signals and divides this with the number of signa ls received to achieve the mean average voltage (North, 2000). After this, the computer adds another channel and the signals are relayed to an actuator connected to the control surface thus causing the surface to move. A negative voltage is then sent by potentiometers in the actuator back to the computer describing the location of the actuator. When the desired position is achieved, the incoming signal and feedback cancel each other out causing the actuator to stop moving (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology enables the aircraft computers to function without any input from the pilots. The fly-by-wire control systems have enabled automatic stability system to be included in the plane and act autonomously to the pilot’s input. To enable automatic stabilizing systems to operate, gyroscopes that have built-in sensors are installed in the aircraft to sense movement changes in yaw, roll and pitch axes (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). Any movement that deviates from the flight level axis triggers a signal to the computer that responds by moving the actuators thereby causing automatic stabilization. Benefits and concerns of the Fly-by-Wire technology The main advantage of fly-by-wire is the ability to mold the system’s attributes at all points in the plane’s flight envelope. Flight envelope protection is achieved through the use of flight control laws which are scheduled according to the flight conditions. Another benefit is carefree handling that is achieved in two ways. The first way in the provision of carefree handling is through providing controls for the angle of attack and the suppression of the angle of sideslip thereby preventing the plane from stalling. The second way of achieving carefree handling is by using automatic controls to limit the roll rate and normal acceleration in order to avoid over-stressing of the airframe. Carefree handling is mainly a mean to reduce the workload of the pilot especially during maneu vering in order to avoid wind shears and obstacles (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology also provides aircraft agility. This helps in providing a mean for quick changes in velocity vector and fuselage aiming. The technology also allows the control of an unstable airframe through improved lift/drag ratio and an enhancement in the maximum lift capacity that contribute to increased aircraft turning capability. Apart from this, the technology also reduces drag through optimized trim setting of the controls. Fly-by-wire technology has also enabled reconfiguration to allow flight continuation or safe recovery following system failure (David, 2000). Advanced autopilot system has also reduced the pilot’s workload during flights. Finally, fly-by-wire technology has led to reduced maintenance cost due to the decrease in mechanical complexity and also the advantages arising from the built-in tests. These benefits can however only be attained if appropriate control law architecture is established. Control laws can only be established if there is a good knowledge of the systems, safety measures and equipment engineering, flight control and flight dynamics (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Although the cost of setting up the fly-by-wire technology is relatively high, the performance and safety benefits easily justify this cost. The main concern posed by this system is reliability. Mechanical control systems only fail gradually thus allowing engineers and the crew to identify and fix these systems according. However, the chance that all computers in an airplane may fail could lead to the total lack of control of the plane. Modern fly-by-wire airplanes have introduced redundant computers and mechanical flight control back-up in order to reduce the chances of overall failure. Built-in tests and independent fly-by-wire channels have also been introduced to ensure that in no time can all the systems in the plane fail. Conclusion In civil aviation, no invention has had a greater impact that the fly-by-wheel technology. This technology was first experimented for military operations but it was however introduced in civil aviation by the Airbus Company in their A320 plane. The fly-by-wheel technology has offered several benefits to civil aviation that would otherwise been not achieved. One of the main advantages is that fly-by-wheel control systems have enabled integration of auto-stabilization system and flight envelope protection. The fly-by-wheel technology has been revolutionary in the civil aviation field as it was the starting point for various innovations that have been realized over the years. Further developments that have arisen due to this technology include fly by optics, power-by-wire, intelligent flight control systems, and fly-by-wireless systems. These systems have all enhanced the efficiency of aircrafts by reducing weight, improving maintenance and crew workload as well as enhancing safety. In the past, aircraft manufacturers h ad to rely on extensive connections between the cockpit and the control surfaces requiring the need for joints, pulleys and long cables. This not only increased the weight of the aircraft but also increased the workload of the crew as well as posing the risk that some defects may pass unnoticed. The fly-by-wire system has negated all these concerns and has provided a mean to ensure that civil aviation is safe, effective and cheap. Considering all the advantages brought by this system and the potential for future developments, fly-by-wire systems is definitely one of the most important developments brought into the civil aviation field thanks to Airbus. References Droste, C., Walker, J., 2003. The General Dynamics Case Study on the F-16 Fly-By-Wire Flight Control System. Reston, VA: AIAA Professional Study Series. Gibson, J., 1999. Development of a methodology for excellence in handling qualities design for  Fly by wire aircraft. Delft, NZ: Delft University Press. Lloyd E., Tye W . 1982. Systematic Safety (Safety Assessment of Aircraft Systems. Civil  Aviation Authority, London, 1982. McRuer D., Graham D., 1981. Eighty Years of Flight Control: Triumphs and Pitfalls of the Systems Approach. AIAA Journal of Guidance and Control, 4(4), 64-88. Pratt R. W., 2000. Flight Control Systems Practical Issues in Design and Application. IEE  Control Engineering Series, 57 (1): 220-258. Stevens B. L., Lewis F. L., 1992. Aircraft Control and Simulation. New York: John Wiley Son, 1992. This essay on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System was written and submitted by user Michaela Howe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Environmental Issues essay

Environmental Issues essay Environmental Issues essay Environmental Issues essayThe problem of the water pollution is one of the major challenges for people in both developed and developing countries. However, if the water pollution in developed countries is mainly the result of the pollution of groundwater by chemicals used in the industrial production of developed countries, then the water pollution in developing countries is the result of the use of pesticides, other chemicals and the general mistreatment of water resources in the course of agricultural activities. However, in spite of the cause of the water pollution, its negative impact on human health is obvious since water pollution can trigger the emergence of water-borne diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, infectious hepatitis, amoebic dysentery and others.The problem of the persistence of water-borne diseases is the result of the water pollution, which occurs under the impact of several factors, among which human activities play the main part. Human activities are major factor s contributing to the water pollution and causing water-borne diseases (Mortsch, 2003). On the one hand, well-developed countries face the problem of the pollution of ground water by chemicals. The industrial production often leads to the pollution of ground waters by chemicals, which penetrate groundwater. The improper storage or transportation of hazardous materials can also contribute to the water pollution and trigger the development of serious health problems in the population using contaminated groundwater.The development of agriculture also contributes to the water pollution. In this respect, it is worth mentioning such factors as the use of pesticides and other chemicals in farming which may be and often are absorbed by the soil and penetrate groundwater. The contamination of the groundwater by chemicals used in farming is dangerous for human health and can lead to the consistent deterioration of the public health in local communities (Rabinovici, 2004). In addition, agricul ture tends to misuse water and prevent the penetration of dangerous elements into groundwater. For example, wastes of cattle farming need to be processed and stored properly. Otherwise, there is a risk of the water contamination. Similarly, if cattle or poultry die because of some illnesses, remnants of cattle and poultry should be processed properly to prevent the contamination of groundwater. As a result, dangerous elements may penetrate groundwater triggering the spread of an infectious disease in the local area.The impact of the water pollution of health of people can hardly be underestimated. In this regard, it is possible to distinguish short-run negative effects of the water pollution on health of people, such as the spread of infectious disease, and long-run negative effects associated with the long lasting impact of polluted water on human health that leads to the development of chronic disease and the overall deterioration of health and quality of living. In a short run, t he contamination of groundwater with dangerous elements or the poor treatment of water may trigger the spread of infectious diseases in communities using contaminated, polluted water. In this regard, it is possible to distinguish bacterial infections, such as typhoid, cholera, paratyphoid fever, bacillary dysentery; viral infections, including infectious hepatitis, poliomyelitis; and protozoal infections, such as amoebic dysentery (Louis, 2003).In a long run, the impact of polluted water on human health may be even more negative. For example, the lead-polluted water can trigger the development of serious health problems, such as cancer, and the overall contamination of human body by lead. The long lasting exposure of people to lead-contaminated water decreases life expectancy in local communities and causes consistent deterioration of the health of the local population. Other chemical and hazardous elements may have similar negative effects on human health (Benson, Kocagil, Shortle 2000). As a result, the water pollution has a negative impact on human health and various factors mentioned above may lead to different negative effects on human health.The negative impact of the water pollution has a destructive impact not only on the public health but also on the economy of regions affected by the water pollution. For example, many countries located in Africa and Asia with the limited access to the potable water face the problem of outbursts of infectious diseases, such as cholera or typhoid. They cannot cope with these problems because of the water pollution and the resolution of the problem of poor public health caused by infectious diseases starts with the resolution of the problem of the water pollution. At the same time, developed countries also face the problem of the deterioration of the public health because of the poor health conditions associated with the water pollution. In this regard, cases of gastroenterological problems in patients are still quite frequent even in developed countries, because of the water pollution.Therefore, the resolution of health problems associated with the water pollution should start with the improvement of the quality of water and prevention of the water pollution. The prevention of the water pollution should start with the prevention of the penetration of hazardous materials into groundwater. Therefore, companies using and transporting hazardous materials and elements should ensure that those elements will never penetrate groundwater but, instead, they will be processed or recycled safely. At the same time, farmers should also use water resources wisely and prevent the contamination of waters by hazardous elements in the result of farming or using pesticides and other chemicals.However, the fulfillment of the aforementioned program is possible only on the condition of the enhancement of the control over human activities, especially activities of companies using hazardous materials and farmers (Currie ro, 2001). Government regulatory bodies should work hand in hand with non-government organizations, which can help government regulatory agencies to identify cases of the negligence or dangerous use of hazardous elements that lead to the water pollution. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the pubic control is particularly important because it is more effective than government control since public organizations are less bureaucratic and more flexible than government regulatory agencies. In addition, companies and farmers dealing with hazardous materials and contributing consciously or not to the water pollution should grow aware of risks they expose themselves and their community members through the water pollution. In this regard, educational programs and promotion of the water protection can help to increase the consciousness and responsibility of key stakeholders.Thus, today, the problem of the water pollution is one of the main challenges that threaten not only t o the environment but also to the public health. The water pollution can cause infectious diseases and serious, chronic health problems. The major factors contributing to the water pollution are human activities. Therefore, the stricter control over human activities and hazardous materials from the part of the government and public can resolve the problem of the water pollution and its negative   impact on the public health.

10 Tips to Help Stop Cyberbullying

10 Tips to Help Stop Cyberbullying 10 Tips to Help Stop Cyberbullying Sharon J. of Philadelphia PA, USA, was at work when the call came in. Her 6-year-old son was attacked in class by his peer with a pencil. She was horrified. Racing to the school, and then into the nurse’s office she found her terrified little boy with a bandage on his cheek. The nurse said that a little more to the right and the other child would have taken out Sharon’s little boys’ eye. The bully? A six-year-old little girl who wanted what the boy had for lunch instead of what was in her lunch box. The punishment, nothing. That’s right. After meeting with the mother of the little girl and the principal, Sharon was told, â€Å"kids fight†. She was only a little girl with a bad temper. The Statistics This and many other stories like it pour out of elementary, middle and high schools each day. The number of the bullying attacks is astounding. Almost 80% of students in the USA say that they have been bullied at one time or the other. Parents? If you think that since you are sending your precious child off to college that the bullying is finally going to be over, think again, that statistic above represents college age children. Yes, bullying in college is on the rise. Bullies, Bullies, Everywhere We could rattle off some numbers to try to impress upon our readers how many bullies are out there, but they wouldn’t be accurate. Due to embarrassment, shame, or just no-one to tell, many incidents of bullying are never reported. The facts are: Bullying in college will not stop unless the bullies are reported and they pay for their actions. Laws should be passed that punishes the parents as well as the child in incidents of bullying that cause harm to any individual. Bullying in college leads to suicide, depression, and drop-outs. The numbers will continue to rise unless parents, teachers and those being bullied don’t begin to report what is going on. There is a rise in the act of suicide because of cyberbullying in college. Much bullying begins in the home, and this leads to school and college bullying. Many children that are bullied by overbearing parents tend to show the same disregard for their peers on the school playground, on college campuses, and on the Internet. Adult Bullying? Yes, adults bully other adults. Australia reports show that they are #1 when it comes to workplace bullying. A target could be someone in the office that is: Well liked Smart They excel at their jobs Instead of trying to emulate the target a bully will try to manipulate them or sabotage their work. Many adult bullies are just people that do not cope well in society so they hide behind their bullying tactics. With bullies, it’s all about power. College Challenges After considering that there are adults who bully, parents must take the time to talk to their newly adult children on what a bully looks for in an individual target, and ask them if they are the bullies themselves. This conversation must be had if we are to limit the instances of bullying that are infecting our Universities. Most bullies target those who are Passive Submissive The new kid The quiet kid The kid that is not in a clique The kid that seems to always be in class early The kid with the high grades The kid that does not confront anyone or anything Kids of different races are often bullied Bullies in college have also been known to target handicapped persons and the elderly. As horrible as this may seem to be, it is true. They look for those that weaker than themselves. When Your Child is the Bully No parent wants to get the call that their child is being bullied, but no parent wants to be embarrassed to know that their child is the perpetrator of the bullying. Our first reaction is, â€Å"not my sweet innocent child, they couldn’t be so mean†. The one thing parents do know is their child. Sit down with your child and instead of lashing out at them, ask them what happened. Follow some of these suggestions: While listening to your child, only stop them if they are playing the blame game. Let them know you don’t want to hear what happened with other kids, just want part they played in the incident. Tell them that, when you point your finger at someone, 3 fingers are pointing back at you. Play a game of: what if it was you? Encourage them to have empathy for the bullied victim. Children and young adults need to learn empathy at home. If you as a parent always side with your child and never show them where they are wrong, you encourage them to be bullies. There is a poster that reads, â€Å"Children live what they learn†. This is so true, but that does not make you a bad parent. They could have gotten the bad habit of bullying from television or from their peers. Trying to fit in. Talk to them to see why they did what they did. And discuss ways of stopping it from happening again. If the bullying was cyber-bullying, your child should be made to get rid of the pages that were put up, and then make restitution to the individual that they harmed. Get the school involved in the punishment of the child who bullies and the apology to the victim. This should be a sit down of all parties involved. Sometimes this is enough to set a bullying kid straight. If you as a parent of a bully stops this behavior when it arises, bullies can change. Sometimes it’s physical, a mental imbalance, sometimes it can be the influence of violent games they are exposed to Many parents use video games to get their kids out of their hair. If your child has been exposed to years and years of violent games, they will have a violent nature and this could cause bullying. Cyber-Bullying Tips It was bad enough when you had to worry about the playground or the middle school bully, but with the internet providing the perfects storm for kids to bully, how do you cut the throat of this new threat? One thing parents need to do is to get the facts about cyber-bullying. It usually involves more than just one child doing the bullying and it can span over many types of venues. Some of the lethal weapons used to cyber bully are: Instant messages E-mails Posting pictures of your child without their, or your, permission Stealing your kid’s passwords and sending false messages on social media When your child is attacked by many on social many, this is called attack by proxy. This can be super dangerous because they can have their identity stolen and placed in porn sites without their knowing. The bullies will also post their private addresses and phone numbers. The reasons they do this is beyond one reason, but some are: They don’t think of the consequences of their actions, or They think they are getting back at the victim for some reason,   and   this person doesn’t see themselves as a bully. What Can Parents and Educators Do? First and foremost, have in place a set of guidelines and laws that address bullying behavior, and make serious consequences stick when bullying is observed and acknowledged. Also promote the following: An inclusive atmosphere campus wide. When students are more connected to one another there are less instances of bullying. Have in place policies based on bullying. If they are not in the student handbook, have the handbook redone to reflect the policies. Start groups such as writing groups where students can express what is going on with them in the college community. This gives students a voice. With this   college writing service, start some type of contest for student essays on bullying. Have a reporting place that students feel safe to tell on suspected bullies, confidentially. No student like to feel like a snitch, this is one reason for lack of telling. Model how to act by treating all with respect and dignity. Children, and young adults will usually emulate who is leading them. Offer a class on computer ethics. Teach children the importance of not sharing their passwords with anyone. Show them how to keep information that they find online as proof of cyberbullying. Get trained to handle bullying. Anyone on campus that must deal with children directly would do well to have a workshop on how to handle bullies in college. Listen to both sides, don’t pre-judge what you are hearing from one side of the story. Keep an open mind. Do not ignore it or feel that it is a passing situation. If you are told that a student feels threatened, take it seriously. Intervention is key. When something happens take the time to do something about it right away, refer to the policies on bullying and if you need help, get other adults involved. There truly is strength in numbers in a case of bullying. What can Students do? Students often develop cliques in college, and because you want to be   like by your friends,   you may often feel   the need to back them up no   matter what. In the case of bullying, this is not a way to help your friend. It takes a stronger friend to tell a friend that they are wrong when acting a certain way. If your friend decides that they are not going to like you anymore for telling them to do the right thing, then this is not a friend that you need in your life. When you witness someone on campus bullying another student, whether it is your friend or not, don’t join in. Instead try some of the following suggestions: Stay calm- don’t argue with either of them, instead say something like, â€Å"come on we don’t have to be like that, this is not high-school†. Many students in college do not want to be made to look like they are acting like high-schoolers and will stop the behavior, especially if a friend tells them this. If it is your friend, steer them away from the other person, they don’t necessarily have to kiss and make up or anything like that. Everyone is not going to like everyone. If you walk up on a fight, ask bystanders why they are not doing something and stop the fight. Taking one of the people away with you and showing bystanders that   they should get involved. Talk to a person that you know is a bully when you are alone with them. Confront their behavior and ask them why they choose to act that way. Give them reasons that you would not participate in that type of behavior, and if necessary, let them know that if they continue to show that type of behavior you will not be associated with them. If you are afraid of your friend that is a bully. Report them to an authority that will not tell that you reported them. It is better to do something than to wait for the worst to happen. This is just a few of the things that can be done when one is a bully. Cyber bullying has reached a high peak and if we as those on the sidelines don’t do something to correct the behavior in those that practice the bullying, we are just as guilty as they are, if not worse than them. So, if   you see it, report it, step in and   be a part of the   solution, not the problem.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

No topic - Essay Example This significantly affected the course of history of China as will be highlighted hereunder. The Qing Dynasty was the last powerful empire to rule China. As earlier stated, although it began very well in its bid to transform China into a powerful state, the dynasty encountered various internal and external challenges that impacted negatively on the course of China. Firstly, the dynasty was faced with internal wrangles that created political instability. This made it difficult for China to create a stable government to fulfill Chinas development agendas. Some of the notable internal wrangles that changed the course of Chinese history include the Nian rebellion of 1853-1868; the Mao rebellion of 1850-1872; the Red Turban rebellion of 1854-1857; and the Yunnan rebellion of 1855-1863. Secondly, the Qing Dynasty was characterized by high level of corruption thereby curtailing the developments that had begun to be realized in China. The dynasty also faced the problem of lack of an able Manchu leadership. Lack of strong leadership made it extremely difficult for the dynasty to pro mote the development of China. Apart from the internal issues, the course of Chinese history was also greatly affected by external factors. Firstly, the defeat of Qing government in the 19th century by foreign powers resulted in the imposition of unequal treaties on China, which greatly impacted negatively on China. For instance, the imposition of the unequal treaties, politically infringed on the national rights of China, thereby resulting in a downfall. Secondly, the imperialism of the foreign economies worsened the social suffering in China. For instance, the increased importation of cheap textile goods from foreign countries by the Qing government resulted in the collapse of most Chinese industries. The Qing dynasty also destroyed the economy of China by promoting unfavorable balance of trade, thereby resulting in the decline of the

Diabetes Case Study of Angelo Reyes in the Neighborhood

Diabetes of Angelo Reyes in the Neighborhood - Case Study Example Angelo is a 40-year-old Hispanic architect who has had diabetes mellitus type 1 since the age of 13. He is very compliant with diabetes management and strongly believes that he is healthy. However, Angelo and her husband Rachel are expecting to have twin babies and Angelo is apprehensive about the changes that can happen in his routine. Together with others advises he is considering an insulin pump therapy to manage diabetes. To understand Angelo’s dilemma, it is essential to learn diabetes and its types. Diabetes happened because there is a lack of insulin or because there are factors affecting the production of insulin (Watkins, p. 1). Diabetes was noted as early as 1500 B.C. by Ancient Egyptians and when Greek doctor Arataeus derived diabetes from the Greek word siphon, the disease that draws water from the body (Brill, p. 8).Watkins (2003) delineate WHO criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes such as 1) symptoms of diabetes plus casual venous plasma glucose >11.1 mmol/l, 2) fasting plasma glucose >7.0 mmol/l or whole blood 6.1 mmol/l, and 3) 2-hour plasma glucose >11.1 mmol/l (p. 1). Diabetes mellitus is categorized into type 1 and type 2. Angelo has type 1 diabetes mellitus which depends on exogenous injected insulin due to absolute deficiency of insulin secondary to beta cells destruction. Lifelong insulin is needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and sustain life (McDowell, Brown, &Matthews, p. 2). Diabetes is a chronic and a lifelong disease. There is no cure for diabetes yet. However, there are existing treatments which requires the individuals and families to modify their life routines. Successful management of diabetes involves learning how the disease works, signs to watch for, and keeping and checking blood sugar levels normal (Brill, p. 17). Overview of the Incidence of Diabetes in United States The American Diabetes Association (2011) released data from the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet that the total prevalence of diabetes among child ren and adults in the United States is 25.8 million (8.3% of the population). In addition to this statistic are the 79 million people with prediabetes, 1.9 million of these are new cases of diabetes in people age 20 years and older since the 2010 survey. Typical Presenting Signs Signs and symptoms of diabetes may appear abruptly or gradually, depending on the production of insulin in the body. Mr. Reyeswill have clinical presentations of increased thirst (polydipsia) and urination (polyuria) due to the excess sugar drawing water from body tissues and the kidneys flushing out extra water to lower the concentration of sugar in urine. Mr. Reyes may also feel fatigue and may have increased appetite (polyphagia) due to lack of proper body fuel and cell starvation. Despite of increased appetite, Mr. Reyes will suffer from weight loss because the lack of glucose for nourishment burn body fat to compensate for the energy requirements. Increased glucose in the eyes can also cause bleeding or leaking of fluids in eyes blood vessels which damages the blood vessels and results in blurring of vision. Mr. Reyes will also have healing difficulties and are more prone to infections of the bladder or skin. Other clinical manifestations might present are headache,

Management Essay Example for Free

Management Essay Ny organization, whether new or old, small or big, requires certain methods, procedures and plans in place for its efficient functioning. For this to happen, they must develop and implement management concepts which help them implement their vision for the future of the organization. Index Planning Organizing Directing/Leading Controlling Staffing The Fifth Function The concept of functions of management was put forth by Henri Fayol, a management theorist from France, influential in proposing many of the management concepts in use today. Originally, he had proposed five management functions; amely, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Modern texts have reduced the functions from five to four. They include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The four concepts of management, translated into functions lead to the creation of a cohesive organization. They can be seen here as a diagram. It is interesting to note that there is no hard and fast rule to be followed in the application of these functions, as management is a real-time decision-making system, any of these functions can be operational in conjunction with any other and also as ndependent entities themselves. Planning is the foundation pillar of management. It is the base upon which all other areas of management are built. Planning requires administration to assess where the company presently is and where it would be in the coming years. From there, an appropriate course of action is determined and implemented to attain the companys goals and objectives. Planning is an unending course of action. There may be sudden strategies required to be implemented during a crisis. There are external factors that constantly affect a company, both positively and negatively. Depending on the conditions, a company may have to alter its course of action regarding certain goals. This kind of preparation or arrangement is known as strategic planning. In strategic planning, management analyzes internal and external tactors that may affect the company, its objectives and goals. One of the primary tools of strategic planning is the use of SWOT Analysis, a technique that helps organizations find their strengths and weaknesses, identify areas of opportunity and take preventive measures against threats arising from both internal and external environmental factors.

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Te

My Educational Philosophy I can remember as a child being in the classroom scared to death! I remember being the little kid in the back that was scared to raise my hand, in fear of having the wrong answer. I can remember how my hands trembled when it was my turn to go to the board and work out a problem in front of the class, terrified that everyone would laugh at me. These are feelings that I never want a child in my classroom to experience. I have a strong desire of becoming an early childhood special education teacher. I want to be the one that will teach a child that my be a slow learner or has special needs how to not be afraid and to learn, because learning is fun! I want my classroom to be a comfortable and relaxed environment where children can be themselves and lea...